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AFNOR IQI’s
The AFNOR-type IQI’s originate in
France. They consist of metal step
wedges of the same material as the
object to be examined. The thick-
ness of the steps increases in arith-
metical progression. Each step has
one or more holes with a diameter
equal to the thickness of that step.
There are various models of step
wedges. The most common types
are rectangular with square steps
measuring 15x15 mm and hexagonal with triangular steps measuring 14mm.
See figure 4-13.
Steps thinner than 0.8 mm, have two holes of the same diameter. For a step to be regarded
as visible, all the holes in that particular step must be clearly seen on the film.
The French standard AFNOR NF A04.304 includes an addendum, which defines the
“index of visibility”.
For each radiograph a record is made of:
1. the number of visible holes (a)
2. the number of holes (b) of a diameter equal to or greater than 5 % of the
material thickness being radiographed.
The index of visibility N is given by the formula: N = a-b.
The value of N may be positive, zero or negative.
Image quality improves as the value of N increases.
Duplex IQIs
Fig. 4-13. French AFNOR IQIs
Duplex IQI’s are described in norm EN 462-5. The duplex IQI consists of a number of
pairs (“duplex”) of wires or thin strips made of platinum or tungsten, of increasingly
smaller size and diminishing distances for each pair.
Figure 5-13 shows such an IQI made up of pairs of wires.
The duplex IQI has been in existence for decades but is no longer current in conventio-
nal film radiography because of their high cost and limited possibilities of application.
It is, however, increasingly used in digital radiography, because it is perfectly suited to
determine contrast and (un)sharpness.
13.4 Position of the IQI
To be of any value in checking the factors defining sharpness and quality, the IQI must
be placed on the source side of the specimen. If the source side is not accessible, the IQI
is placed on the film side. In the latter position visibility is no longer an indication of
geometric unsharpness, but still a check on the developing process and radiation
energy used.
13.5 IQI sensitivity values
It is important to realise that any IQI acceptance-value must be based on a particular
type of IQI and the thickness of the object being examined. When IQI sensitivity is
expressed in a percentage of object thickness, a lower recorded value indicates a higher
radiographic sensitivity, hence better image quality.
Fig. 5-13. Duplex wire IQI
- Industrial Radiography 1
- Image forming techniques 2
- “Industrial Radiography” 3
- Contents 4
- Basic properties 11
- 2.2 X-rays 12
- 2.3 Gamma-rays ( 12
- 2.5 Radiation energy-hardness 13
- 2.7 Penetrating power 14
- 2.8 Filtering (hardening) 15
- 2.9 Half-value thickness 15
- 3.2 Definitions 17
- Radiation sources 18
- Effective focal spot size 19
- NDT equipment 21
- 5.2 High voltage generators 22
- 5.3 Megavolt equipment 23
- 5.4 Radioactive sources 24
- 6.1 Radiation images 27
- 6.2 Radiation filters 28
- 6.3 Intensifying screens 28
- Steel and copper screens 29
- Fluorescent screens 29
- Fluorescent salt screens 29
- Fluorometallic screens 29
- (3.7-2.8) 30
- The X-ray film 31
- Developing the latent image 32
- Density (optical) 32
- Contrast 32
- Gradient of the density curve 33
- Average gradient 33
- 7.5 Film speed (sensitivity) 34
- 7.6 Graininess 34
- Film types 35
- Filmtype 36
- 8.2 Film type selection 37
- 8.3 Film sizes 37
- Exposure chart 38
- Fig. 1-9. Step wedge 39
- Preliminary charts 40
- FFD = focus-to-film distance 41
- 9.6 Relative exposure factors 42
- 9.7 Absolute exposure times 42
- Method and answer 43
- Example 2: 43
- Processing and 44
- 10.4 Silver recovery 47
- Defect discernibility 50
- Inherent unsharpness 51
- Total unsharpness 52
- Selection of gamma source 53
- Inverse square law 53
- 150 kV 80 kV 54
- 12.2 Useful film length 56
- Image quality 57
- Batch numberBatch number 58
- 13.3 List of common IQI’s 59
- 13.4 Position of the IQI 60
- 13.5 IQI sensitivity values 60
- Film exposure 61
- Film interpretation 63
- 15.2 The film-interpreter 64
- 15.3 Reference radiographs 64
- Casting radiography 69
- Digital Radiography (DR) 74
- 16.2 Digital image formation 75
- Two-step digital radiography 76
- The CR imaging plate 76
- Image development 76
- Scanners-Readers 76
- CR cassettes 77
- 16.5.1 Detector types 78
- 16.5.2 Fill Factor 79
- Limitations 80
- Amorphous silicon flat panels 80
- 16.6.1 Exposure energy 81
- Exposure parameters 82
- Image quality definitions 82
- Bit depth 83
- Lateral resolution 84
- Development of standards 84
- Status of CR standards 85
- Status of DR standards 85
- Impact of standards 85
- Standards for weld inspection 85
- Corrosion detection 86
- Weld inspection 86
- 16.12 Work station 87
- Grey levels 88
- 1 Steel 3,5 3,5 89
- 2 3,5 1,3 89
- Special 90
- Tube heads 91
- Magnification factors 91
- System set-up 92
- Effect of focal dimensions 92
- 17.3 Computer Tomography (CT) 94
- Effect of defect orientation 95
- Reverse engineering 95
- CT metrology 95
- Film Film 100
- 18.7 Flash radiography 102
- 19.2 Responsibilities 105
- Fig. 2-19. Pendosis meter 107
- 19.7 Dose registration 108
- 19.8 Radiation shielding 108
- European norms (EN-standards) 109
- Literature and references 110
- Acknowledgements 110
- Appendices: tables and graphs 110
- = minimum distance 111
- Relative dose 112
- Relative image quality DQE 112
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Agilent Technologies J3972A Handbücher
Bedienungsanleitungen und Benutzerhandbücher für Hardware Agilent Technologies J3972A.
Wir stellen 1 PDF-Handbücher Agilent Technologies J3972A zum kostenlosen herunterladen nach Dokumenttypen zur Verfügung Bedienungsanleitung
Agilent technologies J3972A Bedienungsanleitung (189 Seiten)
Marke: Agilent-technologies | Kategorie: Hardware | Größe: 1.85 MB |
Inhaltsverzeichnis
Trademarks
10
Contents
13
Introduction
21
Status LEDs
30
Token-Rin
32
Installation
61
Connectin
71
to Token-Rin
74
Bypass Mode
80
HP Sun PC
96
Tag Description
108
Probe Operation
111
Cycling Power
115
Cold Start
116
Terminal
126
Modem End
141
25-pin Male
141
Probe End
141
Specifications
145
Dimensions
147
Environment
148
Glossary
153
Numerics
181
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